Investing For Your Future

Saving is typically done for emergency funds and short-term goals and usually has a known, but generally low, rate of return. Investing is done for long-term goals and capital appreciation (growth) of money over time and has a higher potential rate of return. What saving and investing both have in common is that savers/investors must “live below their means” and set money aside today to have available in the future.

People invest money for a variety of reasons including:

• To achieve financial goals (e.g., a new car and the purchase of a home)
• To increase current income (from dividends, interest, and capital gains)
• To achieve financial independence and have funds available for retirement
   

There is no such thing as a “perfect” (risk-free, tax-free, high return) investment. All investments involve trade-offs and some type of risk. In addition, investors cannot expect to have characteristics of savings (e.g., predictable returns) in an investment product. However, if investors teach themselves to recognize and evaluate investment risks, they will be better able to balance their investment objectives and risk tolerance.

Need more information about investing? Check out the Cooperative Extension basic investing home study course, Investing For Your Future.

Effective Financial Education Strategies

I’m just coming off a road trip leading two full-day Financial Education Boot Camp workshops attended by over 100 New Jersey teachers. A lot of valuable information was shared about personal finance content and engaging learning activities. Here are some insights that resonated with me:

 

Watch Your Language- Common words that financial educators use can be intimidating. Instead of talking about “the future” to people (especially students) who live day-to-day, use words like “now’ and “later.” Instead of focusing on goals, which seem intimidating and formal, focus on instilling good habits.

 

Tell Powerful Stories- Stories make difficult changes seem possible. One Boot Camp participant put it this way: “students want to know someone who has gone through it or is going through it.” The most important part of a story is not the happy ending but how people overcame obstacles between Point A and Point B.

 

Use Engaging Activities- Engage your students’ creative juices and senses. At Boot Camp, teachers shared financial advice on index cards and posted them online. I am pleased to share some of the results of their efforts.

 

Develop a Financial Margin of Safety

The way people schedule their time is an example of the “margin of safety” concept. For example, if it takes 30 minutes on a day with “normal” traffic to get to work, you might leave 45 minutes ahead of time “just in case.” The “margin of safety” concept can also be applied to ways that people handle their personal finances. Below are three strategies to increase your financial margin of safety:

Live Below Your Means- People who spend less than they earn have a cash cushion to weather the unexpected. Not only do they have positive cash flow (income greater than expenses), but they likely have accumulated some savings by living frugally and setting aside some of their extra cash.


Build Adequate Emergency Reserves- An emergency fund provides a margin of safety against unexpected events such as accidents and unemployment. Financial experts recommend setting aside 3 to 6 months expenses, but many households do not come anywhere near this amount. Any savings is better than none.


Pay Off Debt- Debt is an albatross around personal finances. The sooner it is paid off, the more “wiggle room” people have to handle life events.  Aim to pay off outstanding credit card debt in a year or less and to make a final mortgage payment before retirement.

Focus on the Future to Save More Money

According to research by Sarah Newcomb, a behavioral economist at Morningstar and HelloWallet, people who are future-minded and think ahead have more savings than those who do not. In addition, two simple areas of inquiry can accurately gauge the status of a person’s financial health:

• How far in advance do you make plans?
• How much control do you feel that you have over events that happen in your life?
   

Studies have shown that “time is money.” In other words, people who focus on the future and feel that they create their own financial destiny tend to save more than others for retirement and other financial goals. When people focus on the future, they tend to be less impulsive (e.g., spending habits), regardless of their level of financial literacy.

Newcomb found that the strongest predictor of good financial decisions is not financial literacy but, rather, a focus on the future. High levels of impulsiveness and materialism, on the other hand, were associated with poor financial decision-making. For short-term thinkers, risk is not as painful as waiting.

In addition, Newcomb’s research found that “power is happiness.” Empowered people are financially happier than others. Conversely, people who don’t feel in control of their personal finances have been found to exhibit negative emotions about their financial status up to those earning a six-figure income.

Newcomb’s research, which is summarized in her book, Loaded, has found that, the farther away something is in the future, the less people care about it. The secret to fostering future-mindedness by yourself and others is to trick your brain to think that “the far away is close.” When this happens, people care more about the future because the “Here and Now” is clear and intense while the “There and Later” is vague, abstract, and unemotional.

Personal Finance Tasks by the Decade

Although actual timing will vary from person to person (e.g., I completed a Ph.D. program in my 40s), below are some suggested financial milestones to achieve during each decade of adult life. Milestones achieved at an earlier age (e.g., a good credit score and an adequate emergency fund) should continue during subsequent years.

Age 30                

• Financial independence from parents (e.g., independent living arrangements and no “subsidies” to pay household expenses such as insurance premiums and cell phone bills)
• Student loan debt completely repaid or close to repayment (e.g., standard 10-year repayment plan)
• A year’s worth of salary (1x) saved for retirement
• A good credit history established with a credit score in the low- to mid-700s or higher
• Regular saving/investing and at least three to six months of income set aside for emergencies
• Educational credentials earned or near completion (e.g., certifications and graduate/professional degrees)
• Have current estate planning documents and life insurance to protect dependents or co-signers, if applicable
   

Age 40

• Three times annual salary (3x) saved for retirement; saving at least 15% of gross income
• College savings established for children, if applicable
• Increased investing expertise and diversification of investment portfolio assets
• Increased human capital (i.e., job skills and knowledge) to remain employable and earn promotions/raises
   

Age 50

• Six times annual salary (6x) saved for retirement; making catch-up retirement savings plan contributions
• Increased knowledge about the specifics of Social Security, Medicare, and employer retirement benefits
• Increased knowledge of aging parents’ finances and communication about caregiving-related issues
• Use of financial advisers, as needed, as net worth increases and finances become more complex
   

Age 60

• Eight times annual salary (8x) saved for retirement
• Paid off mortgage, home equity loan, and credit card debt prior to retirement
• Catch-up retirement strategies used, if needed (e.g., downsizing, moving, working longer, and selling assets)
• Learning new skills and/or making other preparations to transition to a “second act” job or volunteer role
   

To learn more about age-based financial planning milestones from age 0-10 through 90-100, read “Money Milestones for Each Decade” (Reuters).